Cootamundra
Indicator: Native Species
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What the results tell us for Cootamunda
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Cootamundra Shire is not known. About 237 plant species (native and introduced) and 219 animal species have been recorded, but these records are not comprehensive. Differences in these measures of species diversity are primarily the result of survey efforts carried out in the past four years.
Three plant and 14 vertebrate animal species that occur in the Shire are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered in New South Wales (NSW) and/or nationally, with an additional 57 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the Shire.
Native plants and animals in the Shire are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Formal recovery plans were in place for five of the 16 listed threatened species. All listed animal species in the Shire were covered by national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many threatened species, no data were available on the extent to which activities were carried out in the Shire or on their effectiveness in conserving the species.
What native species occur in the Shire?
No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Cootamundra Shire. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the Shire provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.
Plants (flora)
About 237 plant species, most of them native, have been recorded in the Shire. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the reporting period.
Three plant species recorded in the Shire are listed as Endangered or Vulnerable (see Table 1); both were listed prior to the current reporting period. No updated data has been provided for predicted species, however based on data gathered for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 17 vulnerable or endangered species may also occur in the Shire (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the current reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Sand-hill Spider Orchid | Caladenia arenaria | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2005; NSW Recovery Plan |
| Crimson Spider Orchid | Caladenia concolor | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2004; NSW Draft Recovery Plan |
| Pine Donkey Orchid | Diuris tricolor | V | V | No | None |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species – national status).
Source: DEC 2005; DEH 2008; NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Philotheca ericifolia | |
| A spear grass | Austrostipa metatoris |
| A spear grass | Austrostipa wakoolica |
| Austral Pillwort | Pilularia novae-hollandiae |
| Cotoneaster Pomaderris | Pomaderris cotoneaster |
| Fleshy Minuria | Kippistia suaedifolia |
| McBarron's Goodenia | Goodenia macbarronii |
| Mueller's Eyebright | Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri |
| Silky Swainson-pea | Swainsona sericea |
| Slender Darling Pea | Swainsona murrayana |
| Spike-Rush | Eleocharis obicis |
| Spiny Peppercress | Lepidium aschersonii |
| Tarengo Leek Orchid | Prasophyllum petilum |
| Tumut Grevillea | Grevillea wilkinsonii |
| Winged Peppercress | Lepidium monoplocoides |
| Woolly Ragwort | Senecio garlandii |
| Yass Daisy | Ammobium craspedioides |
Source: DEC 2005; SOE 2004
Animals (fauna)
Two hundred and nineteen vertebrate animal species have been recorded in the Shire, about three-quarters of them birds (see Table 3). This is an increase of around 40 species on the previous reporting period, and is primarily the result of survey efforts in the four years prior as well as the inclusion of non native species for this reporting period. Although no fish were recorded in the data sources used for this report, fish species would be expected to occur in the Shire's rivers. The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species in the Shire during the reporting period.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 34 | 16 |
| Amphibians | 8 | 9 |
| Birds | 150 | 126 |
| Reptiles | 27 | 18 |
| Fish | - | - |
| Total | 169 | 169 |
Source: NSW Government 2005
Fourteen animal species that occur in Cootamundra Shire are listed as Endangered or Vulnerable (see Table 4). They include one mammal and 13 birds.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Squirrel Glider | Petaurus norfolcensis | – | V | No | Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Birds | |||||
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form) | Melithreptus gularis gularis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Hooded Robin (south-eastern form) | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Chthonicola sagittata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2001–2005; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Turquoise Parrot | Neophema pulchella | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable † National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species—status) Sources: 1 = Garnett & Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
No updated data was provided for the current reporting period on predicted species occurrence, however based on data generated for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 39 vulnerable or endangered vertebrate animal species and one invertebrate species may occur in the Shire (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the previous or current reporting periods.
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Australian Bustard | Ardeotis australis |
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus |
| Barking Owl | Ninox connivens |
| Black-breasted Buzzard | Hamirostra melanosternon |
| Black-tailed Godwit | Limosa limosa |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis |
| Booroolong Frog | Litoria booroolongensis |
| Brush-tailed Phascogale | Phascogale tapoatafa |
| Brolga | Grus rubicundus |
| Bush Stone-curlew | Burhinus grallarius |
| Chestnut Quail-thrush | Cinclosoma castanotus |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis |
| Eastern Long-eared Bat (southeastern form) | Nyctophilus timoriensis |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa |
| Gilbert's Whistler | Pachycephala inornata |
| Glossy Black Cockatoo | Calyptorhynchus lathami |
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana |
| Grey Falcon | Falco hypoleucos |
| Inland Forest Bat | Vespadelus baverstocki |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus |
| Little Pied Bat | Chalinolobus picatus |
| Magpie Goose | Anseranas semipalmata |
| Major Mitchell's Cockatoo | Cacatua leadbeateri |
| Malleefowl | Leipoa ocellata |
| Osprey | Pandion haliaetus |
| Painted Snipe | Rostratula benghalensis |
| Pied Honeyeater | Certhionyx variegatus |
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | Aprasia parapulchella |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi |
| Shy Heathwren | Calamanthus cautus |
| Southern Bell Frog | Litoria reniformis |
| Southern Scrub-robin | Drymodes brunneopygia |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus |
| Squirrel Glider (Wagga Wagga population) | Petaurus norfolcensis (Wagga Wagga) |
| Striped Legless Lizard | Delma impar |
| Yellow-bellied Glider | Petaurus australis |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat | Saccolaimus flaviventris |
Source: DEC 2005b
In the broader South Western Slopes bioregion within which Cootamundra Shire is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the Shire is listed in Table 6.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Common Bronzewing | Phaps chalcoptera | + | |
| Crested Shrike-tit | Falcunculus frontatus | + | |
| Crimson Rosella | Platycercus elegans | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Golden Whistler | Pachycephala pectoralis | + | |
| Grey Shrike-thrush | Colluricincla harmonica | + | |
| Jacky Winter | Microeca fascinans | + | |
| Little Eagle | Hieraaetus morphnoides | + | |
| Masked Lapwing | Vanellus miles | + | |
| Mistletoebird | Dicaeum hirundinaceum | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Pied Butcherbird | Cracticus nigrogularis | + | |
| Pied Currawong | Strepera graculina | + | |
| Rainbow Bee-eater | Merops ornatus | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Restless Flycatcher | Myiagra inquieta | + | |
| Sacred Kingfisher | Todiramphus sanctus | + | |
| Silvereye | Zosterops lateralis | + | |
| Spotted Harrier | Circus assimilis | + | |
| Spotted Pardalote | Pardalotus punctatus | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Sulphur-crested Cockatoo | Cacatua galerita | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Weebill | Smicrornis brevirostris | + | |
| Western Gerygone | Gerygone fusca | + | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae | + | |
| White-naped Honeyeater | Melithreptus lunatus | + | |
| White-necked Heron | Ardea pacifica | + | |
| White-plumed Honeyeater | Lichenostomus penicillatus | + | |
| Yellow-billed Spoonbill | Platalea flavipes | + | |
| Yellow Thornbill | Acanthiza nana | + |
* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788
Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the Shire; with changes in landcover and landuse being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the Shire would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period, actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals) or migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Cootamundra Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to the threatened Crimson Spider Orchid and Pine Donkey Orchid are habitat clearance, modification or disturbance, overgrazing, weed competition and development (DEC 2005b).
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Cootamundra Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the Shire. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.
Threats identified for most endangered/vulnerable animals occurring in Cootamundra Shire are shown in Table 7. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information about known threats for individual species that occur in the Shire, and other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Known threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals | |
| Squirrel Glider | disturbance to roosting and breeding sites loss of trees for foraging and hollow-bearing trees for roosting clearing and fragmentation of forest and woodland habitat clearing adjacent to foraging areas habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation |
| Birds* | |
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form); Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies); Diamond Firetail; Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies); Hooded Robin (south-eastern form); Painted Honeyeater; Regent Honeyeater; Speckled Warbler; Superb Parrot; Swift Parrot; Turquoise Parrot | habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation fox and cat predation loss of ground cover due to overgrazing native vegetation clearance tree loss through altered water tables overgrazing by stock and rabbits competition with Starlings for nest sites road mortality |
* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species
Source: DEC 2005b
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the Shire. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Cootamundra Shire is located within the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan Catchment Management Authority (CMA) areas. Each CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. No updated CMA information was obtained for this report, however two relevant catchment blueprints were completed during the previous reporting period—the Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint (Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board 2003) and the Lachlan Catchment Blueprint (Lachlan Catchment Management Board 2003)—include a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans (LEPs) may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. Council assesses all development applications in accordance with the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 which requires consideration of threatened species.
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 16 threatened species known to occur in Cootamundra Shire, three have formal recovery plans in place—the Crimson Spider Orchid, Swift Parrot and Regent Honeyeater (see Tables 2 and 6); the former two recovery plans were adopted during the previous reporting period. A national recovery plan was being prepared for the Superb Parrot. All listed animal species were covered by two national action plans, at least one of which was prepared prior to the current reporting period (see Table 4).
An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in Cootamundra Shire. Although recovery actions were initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation for the Crimson Spider Orchid, Squirrel Glider and Swift Parrot (DEC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the Shire and it is unknown whether they continued into the current reporting period. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.
Other activities
No updated information for this reporting period was provided for Council activities. However, the main actions Cootamundra Shire Council took during the previous reporting period to protect biodiversity in its Shire, and which may be of relevance to the current reporting period were:
- to enter into voluntary conservation agreements (VCAs) to protect remnant vegetation at the Stockinbingal and Wallenbeen cemeteries (NPWS 2001, 2002)
- the adoption of policies relating to the environmental assessment of council's proposed road works.
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan catchments (DIPNR 2004) may have enhanced and may continue to enhance the conservation of plant and animal species in the Shire.
The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced implemented of a Biodiversity Conservation in the NSW Sheep/Wheat Belt project during the previous reporting period. The project included gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Cootamundra Shire is a part. Surveys commenced just after the start of the current reporting period included sites located in the Shire. The surveys are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities. Cootamundra Shire also supports nine Landcare groups.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DEC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the council area.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The DECC Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Local Government Area (LGA) boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the LGA in question. It is possible that the differences in threatened fauna species between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different catchment boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond entirely with LGA boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to remain unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the Shire
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Conservation, Canberra.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DEC—see Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)
DEH—see Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth)
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008, http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005c) South West Slopes Conservation Management Network Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Queanbeyan.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2005) Species Profile and Threats Database, http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Lachlan Catchment Management Board (2003) Lachlan Catchment Blueprint, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/lachlan_blueprint.pdf.
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board (2003) Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint, NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/murrumbidgee_blueprint.pdf.
NPWS—see NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2005, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2001) Plan of Management for Lands Subject to a Voluntary Conservation Agreement Between the Minister for the Environment of the State of New South Wales and Cootamundra Shire Council—Wallendbeen Cemetery, unpublished report.
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2002) Plan of Management for Lands Subject to a Voluntary Conservation Agreement Between the Minister for the Environment of the State of New South Wales and Cootamundra Shire Council—Stockinbingal Cemetery, unpublished report.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
