Boorowa
Indicator: Native Species
Results for this indicator are also available for [an error occurred while processing this directive]
What the results tell us for Boorowa
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Boorowa Council area is not known. About 295 plant species and 193 animal species have been recorded there, but these records are not comprehensive. Changes in reported animal and plant species diversity compared with the last reporting period reflect factors such as improved use of data sources and survey effort since 2004.
Two plant and 16 vertebrate animal species that occur in the Council area are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered in New South Wales (NSW) and/or nationally. An additional 33 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the Council area.
Native plants and animals in the Council area are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Formal recovery plans were in place for two of the 18 listed threatened species; one plan was adopted during the current reporting period. Over the same time, recovery plans were being prepared for another two species and exhibited for an additional two species. Thirteen listed animal species were covered by national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many threatened species, no data were available on the extent to which activities were carried out in the Council area or on their effectiveness in conserving the species.
During the reporting period Council carried out some activities that will help protect biodiversity in parts of the Council area, including the koala and some threatened bird species
What native species occur in the Council area?
No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Boorowa Council area. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the Council area provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.
Plants (flora)
About 286 plant species, most of them native and including many lichens and other lower plants, have been recorded in the Council area.
The slight decrease on the 300 plants reported in State of the Environment 2004, likely reflects the use of different data sources and additional survey work since June 2004. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the reporting period.
Two plant species recorded in the Council area are listed as endangered or vulnerable in NSW as well as nationally (see Table 1). No data on predicted species for the current reporting period was provided, but scientific experts predict that an additional five vulnerable or endangered species may also occur in the Council area (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the current reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Tarengo Leek Orchid | Prasophyllum petilum | E | E | No | Draft Recovery Plan |
| Yass Daisy | Ammobium craspedioides | V | V | No | None |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species –status).
Source: DEC 2005; DEH 2005 NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Philotheca ericifolia | |
| A spear grass | Austrostipa wakoolica |
| Crimson Spider Orchid | Caladenia concolor |
| McBarron's Goodenia | Goodenia macbarronii |
| Silky Swainson-pea | Swainsona sericea |
Source: DEC 2005
Animals (fauna)
One hundred and ninety three vertebrate animal species have been recorded in the Council area, almost three-quarters of them birds (see Table 3 and the list of fauna). This is 31 species more than recorded in the previous reporting period, with 12 Fish species being added since 2004. This change probably reflects additional survey work since the end of the last reporting period as well as the inclusion of non native species in the source data. The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) in the Council area is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species during the reporting period.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 34 | 22 |
| Amphibians | 6 | 8 |
| Birds | 125 | 119 |
| Reptiles | 16 | 13 |
| Fish | 12 | - |
| Total | 162 | 162 |
Source: NSW Government 2005
Sixteen animal species recorded in Boorowa Council area are listed as Endangered or Vulnerable (see Table 4). They include four mammals and 12 birds.
| Commonname | Scientificname | Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis | – | V | No | No |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus | – | V | No | Recovery Plan (exhibited 21/03/03) |
| Squirrel Glider | Petaurus norfolcensis | – | V | No | Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccolaimus flaviventris | – | V | No | No |
| Birds | |||||
| Barking Owl (southern form) | Ninox connivens connivens | – | V | No | Recovery Plan (exhibited 10/03/03); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form) | Melithreptus gularis gularis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Hooded Robin | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Chthonicola sagittata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/02/04); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2001–2005;Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Turquoise Parrot | Neophema pulchella | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened Species-Status)Sources: 1 = Garnett & Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
Although no specific data was provided for the current reporting period on predicted fauna species, scientific experts predict that an additional 28 vulnerable or endangered vertebrate animal species may occur in the Council area (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the previous or current reporting periods. One invertebrate, the Critically Endangered Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana) is also predicted to be present.
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus |
| Black-tailed Godwit | Limosa limosa |
| Booroolong Frog | Litoria booroolongensis |
| Brolga | Grus rubicundus |
| Brush-tailed Phascogale | Phascogale tapoatafa |
| Bush Stone-curlew | Burhinus grallarius |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis |
| Eastern Long-eared Bat (southeastern form) | Nyctophilus timoriensis |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa |
| Gilbert's Whistler | Pachycephala inornata |
| Glossy Black Cockatoo | Calyptorhynchus lathami |
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana |
| Greater Broad-nosed Bat | Scoteanax rueppellii |
| Grey Falcon | Falco hypoleucos |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus |
| Little Pied Bat | Chalinolobus picatus |
| Magpie Goose | Anseranas semipalmata |
| Major Mitchell's Cockatoo | Cacatua leadbeateri |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta |
| Painted Snipe | Rostratula benghalensis |
| Pied Honeyeater | Certhionyx variegatus |
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | Aprasia parapulchella |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccoclaimus flaviventris |
Source: DEC 2005
In the broader South Western Slopes bioregion within which Boorowa Council area is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the Council area is listed in Table 6.
| Common name | Scientific name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apostlebird | Struthidea cinerea | + | |
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Barn Owl | Tyto alba | + | |
| Black-faced Woodswallow | Artamus cinereus | + | |
| Black-shouldered Kite | Elanus axillaris | + | |
| Black Swan | Cygnus atratus | + | |
| Blue-faced Honeyeater | Entomyzon cyanotis | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Buff-rumped Thornbill | Acanthiza reguloides | + | |
| Crested Shrike-tit | Falcunculus frontatus | + | |
| Crimson Rosella | Platycercus elegans | + | |
| Dusky Moorhen | Gallinula tenebrosa | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Fairy Martin | Hirundo ariel | + | |
| Golden Whistler | Pachycephala pectoralis | + | |
| Grey Fantail | Rhipidura albiscapa | + | |
| Grey Shrike-thrush | Colluricincla harmonica | + | |
| Hardhead | Aythya australis | + | |
| Hoary-headed Grebe | Poliocephalus poliocephalus | + | |
| Jacky Winter | Microeca fascinans | + | |
| Little Corella | Cacatua sanguinea | + | |
| Little Eagle | Hieraaetus morphnoides | + | |
| Masked Lapwing | Vanellus miles | + | |
| Mistletoebird | Dicaeum hirundinaceum | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Pied Butcherbird | Cracticus nigrogularis | + | |
| Pied Currawong | Strepera graculina | + | |
| Pink-eared Duck | Malacorhynchus membranaceus | + | |
| Rainbow Bee-eater | Merops ornatus | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Restless Flycatcher | Myiagra inquieta | + | |
| Richard's Pipit | Anthus novaeseelandiae | + | |
| Sacred Kingfisher | Todiramphus sanctus | + | |
| Silvereye | Zosterops lateralis | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Sulphur-crested Cockatoo | Cacatua galerita | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Varied Sittella | Daphoenositta chrysoptera | + | |
| White-browed Woodswallow | Artamus superciliosus | + | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae | + | |
| White-fronted Chat | Epthianura tricolor | + | |
| White-naped Honeyeater | Melithreptus lunatus | + | |
| White-necked Heron | Ardea pacifica | + | |
| White-plumed Honeyeater | Lichenostomus penicillatus | + | |
| White-throated Treecreeper | Cormobates leucophaeus | + | |
| Yellow Thornbill | Acanthiza nana | + | |
| Yellow-billed Spoonbill | Platalea flavipes | + | |
| Zebra Finch | Taeniopygia guttata | + |
* For a complete list of declining or increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003, pages 757–788; Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005;CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005.
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the Council area; with changes in landcover and landuse being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the Council area would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period, actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals) or migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Boorowa Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to the threatened Yass Daisy are agricultural developments and intensification of grazing regimes, weed invasion, road works (particularly widening or re-routing) and inappropriate mowing or slashing in the cemetery sites where the species occurs (DEC 2005b). Known threats to the threatened Tarengo Leek Orchid are increased sward density, root competition and shading by shrubs, overgrazing and weed invasion (DEC 2005b).
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Boorowa Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the Council area. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.
Specific threats identified for many of the endangered/vulnerable animals occurring in Boorowa Council area are shown in Table 7. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information on known threats for individual threatened animal species in the Council area, and for other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals | |
| Koala; Squirrel Glider | native vegetation clearance, habitat loss and fragmentation degradation of woodland habitat |
| Birds* | |
| Barking Owl (southern form); Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form); Blue-billed Duck; Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies); Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern form); Hooded Robin (southern form); Regent Honeyeater; Superb Parrot; Swift Parrot; Turquoise Parrot | native vegetation clearance habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation fox and cat predation overgrazing by stock and rabbits, including loss of ground cover tree loss through altered water tables competition with Starlings for nest sites road mortality |
* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DEC 2005b.
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the Council area. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Boorowa Council area is located within the Lachlan Catchment Management Authority (CMA) area, which is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. The Lachlan Catchment Blueprint (Lachlan Catchment Management Board 2003), completed during the previous reporting period, includes a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species.
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 18 threatened species known to occur in Boorowa Council area, formal recovery plans were in place for only two species (see Table 4), with thirteen animal species being covered by two action plans.
An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in Boorowa Council area. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation for the Yass Daisy, Tarengo Leek Orchid and nine threatened animal species with no recovery plans (DEC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the Council area. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species during the current reporting period is not clear.
Other activities
No information about activities carried out by Boorowa Council to help protect the Council area's biodiversity during the current reporting period were provided, however a number of activities enacted during the previous reporting period would have flow on effects into the current reporting period. These activities included the mapping of koala habitat and the development of environmental management plans for council's works projects.
Council was also involved in the Boorowa Regional Catchment Committee's Saltshaker project, along with Greening Australia, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems and private landholders. The project, which aims to eliminate salt from entering the Boorowa River system, has included vegetation protection and revegetation works in over 80 properties in the catchment. A wide range of birds—including threatened species such as the Superb Parrot, Hooded Robin and Speckled Warbler—have benefited from the habitat created by young vegetation resulting from direct seeding. In September 2004 the Catchment Committee was awarded the Bushcare Nature Conservation Award for this project (Landcare Australia 2004).
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Lachlan catchment (DIPNR 2004) may also have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the Council area.
The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced implemented of a Biodiversity Conservation in the NSW Sheep–Wheat Belt project during the previous reporting period. The project includes gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Boorowa Council area is a part. On-ground surveys, which commenced at the beginning of the current reporting period, are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities. Boorowa Council will benefit if future survey sites are located within its boundary.
The Boorowa Council area supports seven Landcare Groups. The Landcare NSW website has more information on the range of activities occurring in the Council area and the Lachlan catchment.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DEC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the council area.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The Department of Environment and Conservation Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Council area boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the Council area in question. It is possible that some of the differences in threatened fauna species numbers between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different catchment boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond entirely with Council area boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to have remained unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the Council area
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Conservation, Canberra.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DEC—see Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)
DEH—see Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth)
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008, http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005c) South West Slopes Conservation Management Network Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Queanbeyan.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2008) Species Profile and Threats Database, viewed October 2008, http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Lachlan Catchment Management Board (2003) Lachlan Catchment Blueprint, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/lachlan_blueprint.pdf.
Landcare Australia, 2004, New South Wales Landcare Project Tackling Salinity (The Saltshaker Project) Wins Prestigious National Landcare Award. Media Release, http://esvc000182.wic017u.server-web.com/award_details.asp?award_id=19&year=2004
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2008, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
