Yass Valley
Indicator: Native Species
Results for this indicator are also available for [an error occurred while processing this directive]
What the results tell us for Yass Valley
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Yass Valley Council area is not known. About 862 plant species (native and introduced) and 329 animal species have been recorded, but these records are not comprehensive. Changes in reported species diversity compared with the last reporting period reflect factors such as improved use of data sources possible survey work since 2004.
Three plant and 35 vertebrate animal species that occur in the local government area are listed as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered, with an additional 30 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the area.
Native plants and animals in the local government area are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Of the 38 threatened species known to occur in the area, recovery plans were in place for six animal species and eighteen animal species were covered by three national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many of the threatened species, the extent to which activities were carried out in the area and had been effective in conserving species was not known.
What native species occur in the local government area?
No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Yass Valley Council area. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the area provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.
Plants (flora)
About 862 plant species, most of them native and including many lichens and other lower plant species, have been recorded in the Council area. Although this is about 68 less than reported in the previous reporting period, this difference is likely to reflect a combination of different data sources and possibly survey effort since 2004. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the reporting period.
Three plant species recorded in the Council area are listed as endangered or vulnerable in New South Wales (NSW) or nationally (see Table 1); all were listed prior to the current reporting period. This is four species less than for the previous reporting period, and is a result of differing data sources (see Differences between reporting periods). No new data on predicted species occurrence was provided, however based on data gathered for the previous reporting period, Scientific experts predict that an additional 12 vulnerable or endangered species may also be present (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Yass Daisy | Ammobium craspedioides | V | V | No | None |
| Woolly Ragwort | Senecio garlandii | V | V | No | None |
| Wee Jasper Grevillea | Grevillea iaspicula | E | E | No | None |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species – national status).
Source: DECC 2005; DEHCA 2005; NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Austral Pillwort | Pilularia novae-hollandiae |
| Austral Toadflax | Thesium australe |
| Cotoneaster Pomaderris | Pomaderris cotoneaster |
| Crimson Spider Orchid | Caladenia concolor |
| Golden Moths Orchid | Diuris pedunculata |
| Mueller's Eyebright | Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri |
| Narrow Goodenia | Goodenia macbarronii |
| Pale Pomaderris | Pomaderris pallida |
| Pine Donkey Orchid | Diuris tricolor |
| Rough Eyebright | Euphrasia scabra |
| Shining Anchor Plant | Discaria nitida |
| Tumut Grevillea | Grevillea wilkinsonii |
Source: DECC 2005;
Animals (fauna)
Three hundred and twenty nine vertebrate animal species are reported to occur in the Council area (see Table 3). This is 38 species more than reported in the previous reporting period; the difference is likely to reflect different data sources, the inclusion of some non-native species and possibly survey effort since 2004. The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species during the reporting period.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 64 | 40 |
| Amphibians | 15 | 16 |
| Birds | 176 | 178 |
| Reptiles | 50 | 44 |
| Fish | 24 | 3 |
| Total | 281 | 281 |
Source: Bionet 2005
Thirty-five animal species recorded in Yass Valley Council area are listed as endangered or vulnerable (see Table 4). No updated information was provided on status changes since the previous reporting period.
| Commonname | Scientificname | Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis | – | V | No | None |
| Eastern False Pipistrelle | Falsistrellus tasmaniensis | – | V | No | None |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus | – | V | No | None |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus | – | V | No | Recovery Plan exhibited (21/03/03) |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus | – | V | No | Action Plan (1999)3 |
| Little Pied Bat | Chalinolobus picatus | – | V | No | Action Plan (1999)3 |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus | E | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Yellow-bellied Glider | Petaurus australis | – | V | No | Recovery Plan (gazetted 07/03/03); Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Birds | |||||
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Barking Owl | Ninox connivens connivens | – | V | No | Recovery Plan exhibited (10/03/03); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Grass Owl | Tyto capensis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Grey-crowned Babbler | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Hooded Robin | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Major Mitchell's Cockatoo | Cacatua leadbeateri | – | V | No | None |
| Olive Whistler | Pachycephala olivacea | – | V | No | None |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta | E | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan adopted (for period 1999–2003); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Chthonicola sagittata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Amphibians | |||||
| Booroolong Frog | Litoria booroolongensis | – | E | No | Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Green and Golden Bell Frog | Litoria aurea | V | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Northern Corroboree Frog | Pseudophryne pengilleyi | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Southern Bell Frog | Litoria raniformis | V | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Southern Corroboree Frog | Pseudophryne corroboree | E | E | No | National and NSW Recovery Plan (2001) |
| Yellow-spotted Tree Frog | Litoria castanea | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan (2004); NSW Recovery Plan (2001) |
| Reptiles | |||||
| Striped Legless-lizard | Delma impar | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003 |
| Fish | |||||
| Macquarie Perch | Macquaria australasica | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Silver Perch | Bidyanus bidyanus | – | V | No | Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013 (2003)4 |
| Trout Cod | Maccullochella macquariensis | E | E | No | Recovery Plan 1998–2005 |
| Other | |||||
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana | CE | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species— status).References: 1 = Garnett and Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; 3 = Duncan et al. 1999; 4 = MDBMC 2003; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DECC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
No updated information was provided on predicted species occurrence, however based on records gathered for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 18 vulnerable or endangered animal species may occur in the Council area (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Australian Painted Snipe | Rostratula australis |
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern subspecies) | Melithreptus gularis gularis |
| Broad-toothed Rat | Mastacomys fuscus |
| Brolga | Grus rubicundus |
| Brush-tailed Phascogale | Phascogale tapoatafa |
| Bush Stone-curlew | Burhinus grallarius |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa |
| Gilbert's Whistler | Pachycephala inornata |
| Little Whip Snake | Suta flagellum |
| Murray Cod | Maccullochella peelii peelii |
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | Aprasia parapulchella |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi |
| Smoky Mouse | Pseudomys fumeus |
| Squirrel Glider | Petaurus norfolcensis |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor |
| Turquoise Parrot | Neophema pulchella |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccolaimus flaviventris |
Source: DECC 2005b; DEH 2005b; Fallding 2002
In the broader South Eastern Highlands and South Western Slopes bioregions within which Yass Valley Council area is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the Council area is listed in Table 6.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Black Swan | Cygnus atratus | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Buff-rumped Thornbill | Acanthiza reguloides | + | |
| Crested Shrike-tit | Falcunculus frontatus | + | |
| Dusky Moorhen | Gallinula tenebrosa | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae | + | |
| Golden Whistler | Pachycephala pectoralis | + | |
| Hardhead | Aythya australis | + | |
| Little Eagle | Hieraaetus morphnoides | + | |
| Masked Lapwing | Vanellus miles | + | |
| Mistletoebird | Dicaeum hirundinaceum | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Pied Currawong | Strepera graculina | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Restless Flycatcher | Myiagra inquieta | + | |
| Silvereye | Zosterops lateralis | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Varied Sittella | Daphoenositta chrysoptera | + | |
| Wedge-tailed Eagle | Aquila audax | + | |
| White-browed Woodswallow | Artamus superciliosus | + | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae | + | |
| White-naped Honeyeater | Melithreptus lunatus | + | |
| White-throated Treecreeper | Cormobates leucophaeus | + |
* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788.; Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the Council area; with changes in landcover and landuse being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the area would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period, actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals) and migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Yass Valley Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition and habitat degradation by Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to some of the endangered/vulnerable plants occurring in the Council area are outlined in Table 7. For information on known threats for other threatened plants in the area, including species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Silky Swainson-pea | loss and degradation of habitat and/or populations for residential and agricultural developments, by intensification of grazing regimes, by invasion of weeds and from road works (particularly widening or re-routing) |
| Silver-leafed Gum | at risk from catastrophic events |
Source: DECC 2005b
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Yass Valley Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition and habitat degradation by Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the Council area. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.
Specific threats identified for many of the endangered/vulnerable animals occurring in Yass Valley Council area are shown in Table 8. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information on known threats for individual threatened animal species in the area, and other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals* | |
| Eastern False Pipistrelle; Eastern Pygmy-possum; Koala; Large-footed Myotis; Spotted-tailed Quoll | habitat loss, fragmentation and/or degradation from native vegetation clearance, loss of hollow bearing and mature roost trees removal of old buildings competition with foxes and feral cats predation by foxes and dogs impacts of widespread strychnine baiting for dingoes non-target mortality from trapping and poisoning mortality as a result of raiding caged birds |
| Birds* | |
| Barking Owl; Blue-billed Duck; Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies); Diamond Firetail; Grass Owl; Grey-crowned Babbler; Hooded Robin (southern form); Olive Whistler; Painted Honeyeater; Powerful Owl; Regent Honeyeater; Speckled Warbler; Square-tailed Kite; Superb Parrot | habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation from native vegetation clearance, tree loss through altered water tables, residential development, loss in availability of nest trees, drainage or degradation of deep permanent wetlands, overgrazing by stock and rabbits fox and cat predation mortality during duck hunting season reduction in suitably-sized prey competition with Starlings for nest sites road mortality |
| Amphibians* | |
| Booroolong Frog;Green and Golden Bell Frog; Northern Corroboree Frog | habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation through destruction or infilling of wetlands, modification of steam channels, sedimentation, use of herbicides or pesticides near streams, loss of cobble banks, loss of native streamside vegetation, stock damage to stream margins, weed invasion of streamside habitats (particularly by willows) or breeding sites, trampling of breeding sites by feral animals predation of eggs and tadpoles by introduced fish disease—chytrid fungus alteration of drainage patterns and stormwater runoff predation by feral animals such as foxes and by exotic fish such as Plague Minnow herbicides and other weed-control measures road mortality, where populations are already small due to other threats |
* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DECC 2005b
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the Council area. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Yass Valley Council area is located within the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) areas. Each CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. No updated information was provided on CMA actions, but the Lachlan Catchment Blueprint (Lachlan Catchment Management Board, 2003) and Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint (Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board, 2003), both completed during the previous reporting period, include a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as Local Environmental Plans (LEPs) may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. All development applications are assessed for threatened species in accordance with the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. Council commenced a review of its Local Environmental Plan (LEP) and started work on a new Development Control Plan (DCP); both will include biodiversity conservation matters (see Yass Valley Council 2004).
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 38 threatened species known to occur in Yass Valley Council area recovery plans were in place for six animal species (see Table 4). Eighteen animal species were covered by three national action plans, at least two of which were completed prior to 2001 (Table 4).
An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in Yass Valley Council area. No updated information on these actions was provided, however some actions taken previously may have impacted the current reporting period. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the DECC for some of the threatened plant and animal species with no recovery plans (DECC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the Yass Valley Council area. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.
Other activities
No updated information on Council activities was provided, however during the previous reporting period Yass Valley Council developed and implemented a Vegetation Management Plan and commenced a review of its Tree Preservation Order, as well as assessing development applications for their impact on threatened species. A summary of other activities Council carried out to address environmental issues and enhance biodiversity conservation in the Council area is contained in its supplementary State of the Environment report for 2003-04 (Yass Valley Council 2004). Impacts from these efforts may have had flow on effects into the current reporting period.
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee catchments (DIPNR 2004) may also have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the Council area.
The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced and implemented a Biodiversity Conservation in the NSW Sheep/Wheat Belt project during the previous reporting period. The project includes gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Yass Valley Council area is within. On-ground surveys, which commenced at the start of the current reporting period, are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities. Council will benefit if future survey sites are located within its boundary. The Yass Valley Council area also supports 13 Landcare groups.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DECC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DECC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DECC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the Council area.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The DECC Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Local Government Area Boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the Council area in question. It is possible that the differences in threatened fauna species between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different geographic boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond entirely with Council area boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to remain unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the Council area
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Canberra.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DECC—see Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW)
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008 http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2008) Species Profile and Threats Database, http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
Department of Primary Industries (2005) Fisheries Scientific Committee Final Recommendations, http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/threatened_species/fsc/recomend.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
DPI—see Department of Primary Industries (NSW)
Duncan, A, Baker, GB and Montgomery, N (eds) (1999) The Action Plan for Australian Bats, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board (2003) Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint, NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/murrumbidgee_blueprint.pdf.
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2008, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
