Queanbeyan
Indicator: Native Species
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What the results tell us for Queanbeyan
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Queanbeyan City Council area is not known. About 511 plant species (native and introduced) and 132 vertebrate animal species have been recorded there, but these lists are not comprehensive. Differences in reported species diversity compared with the last reporting period reflect factors such as improved use of data sources and additional survey effort since 2004.
Four plant and 20 animal species that occur in the City Council area are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered and an additional 26 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the City Council area.
Native plants and animals in the area are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Two of the 26 threatened species known to occur in the area had formal recovery plans in place, both prepared prior to the current reporting period and nine animal species were covered by two national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many of the threatened species, the extent to which activities were carried out in the City Council area and had been effective in conserving these species was not known.
What native species occur in the City Council area?
Plants (flora)
Approximately 511 plant species, most of them native and including some lichen and other lower plant species, have been recorded in the City Council area. This figure is similar to that provided for the previous reporting period, with any differences resulting from the use of more refined plant species lists and possibly because of added information from survey work since 2004. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the current reporting period.
Four plant species recorded in the City Council areas are listed as endangered or vulnerable (see Table 1); none was listed during the current reporting period. No data on predicted species occurrences was provided, but based on data gathered in the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 11 threatened species may also occur in the City Council area (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the current or previous reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Button Wrinklewort | Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/10/08) |
| Mountain Swainson-pea | Swainsona recta | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/10/08) |
| Silky Swainson-pea | Swainsona sericea | - | V | No | None |
| Thick Lip Spider Orchid | Caladenia tessellata | V | E | N/A | National recovery plan in preparation (as at 29/10/08) |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species – national status).
Source: DEC 2005; DEH2008; NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Austral Toadflax | Thesium australe |
| Creeping Hop-bush | Dodonaea procumbens |
| Doubletail Buttercup | Diuris aequalis |
| Kydra Westringia | Westringia kydrensis |
| Lemon Zieria | Zieria citriodora |
| Michelago Parrot-pea | Dillwynia glaucula |
| Monaro Golden Daisy | Rutidosis leiolepis |
| Silver-leafed Gum | Eucalyptus pulverulenta |
| Small-leaved Gum | Eucalyptus parvula |
| Tarengo Leek Orchid | Prasophyllum petilum |
| Trailing Monotoca | Monotoca rotundifolia |
Source: DEC 2005
Animals (fauna)
One hundred and thirty-two vertebrate animal species have been recorded in the City Council area, about half of them birds (Table 3). This is 25 species less than the number of vertebrate species reported in the 2004 State of the Environment Report, the differences probably reflect factors such the use of different data sources, and possibly added information from survey work since 2004. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species during the reporting period.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 30 | 38 |
| Amphibians | 9 | 10 |
| Birds | 74 | 79 |
| Reptiles | 19 | 26 |
| Fish | - | 4 |
| Total | 132 | 157 |
Source: DEC 2005a
Twenty animal species recorded in Queanbeyan City Council area are listed as endangered or vulnerable (see Table 4). They include five mammals, ten birds, one amphibian, three reptiles and one invertebrate. No updated information was provided on status change since the previous reporting period.
| Commonname | Scientificname | Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis | – | V | No | None |
| Eastern False Pipistrelle | Falsistrellus tasmaniensis | – | V | No | None |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus | – | V | No | Recovery Plan exhibited (21/03/03) |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus | E | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccolaimus flaviventris | – | V | No | None |
| Birds | |||||
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Glossy Black-cockatoo | Calyptorhynchus lathami | – | V | No | None |
| Hooded Robin (south-eastern form) | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Olive Whistler | Pachycephala olivacea | – | V | No | None |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003;Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Pyrrholaemus sagittatus | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation;Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Amphibians | |||||
| Green and Golden Bell Frog | Litoria aurea | V | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Reptiles | |||||
| Grassland Earless Dragon | Tympanocryptis pinguicolla | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2000–2004 (April 2000) |
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | Aprasia parapulchella | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi | – | V | No | None |
| Invertebrates | |||||
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana | CE | E | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species— status).References: 1 = Garnett & Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
It is predicted that an additional 15 threatened animal species may occur in the City Council area (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Alpine Tree Frog | Litoria verreauxii alpina |
| Barking Owl | Ninox connivens |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus |
| Little Whip Snake | Suta flagellum |
| Pink Robin | Petroica rodinogaster |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua |
| Southern Bell Frog | Litoria raniformis |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura |
| Striped Legless Lizard | Delma impar |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor |
| Yellow-bellied Glider | Petaurus australis |
| Yellow-spotted Bell Frog | Litoria castanea |
Source: DEC 2005b
In the broader South Eastern Highlands bioregion within which Queanbeyan City Council area is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the City Council area is listed in Table 6.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Black-shouldered Kite | Elanus axillaris | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Brown Songlark | Cincloramphus cruralis | + | |
| Buff-rumped Thornbill | Acanthiza reguloides | + | |
| Crimson Rosella | Platycercus elegans | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Grey Fantail | Rhipidura albiscapa | + | |
| Grey Teal | Anas gracilis | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Silvereye | Zosterops lateralis | + | |
| Spotted Pardalote | Pardalotus punctatus | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Wedge-tailed Eagle | Aquila audax | + | |
| Weebill | Smicrornis brevirostris | + | |
| Yellow-rumped Thornbill | Acanthiza chrysorrhoa | + | |
| White-throated Needletail | Hirundapus caudacutus | + | |
| White-throated Treecreeper | Cormobates leucophaeus | + |
* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788
Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the City Council area; with changes in vegetation cover and land use being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the area would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period, actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals) and migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the New South Wales (NSW) Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Queanbeyan City Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition and habitat degradation by Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to some of the threatened plants in the City Council area are outlined in Table 7. For information on known threats for other threatened plants in the area, including species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species* | Threats |
|---|---|
| Silky Swainson-pea; Pale Pomaderris; Button Wrinklewort; Small Purple-pea | loss and degradation of habitat and populations for residential and agricultural developments, by intensification of grazing regimes, weed invasion, and from inappropriate rail reserve maintenance and road works inappropriate fire regimes increased competition from other native grassland species and/or from Black Cypress Pine (Callitris endlicheri)natural or un-natural catastrophic events |
* Each threat listed, and each aspect of each threat, does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DEC 2005b
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Queanbeyan City Council area. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition and habitat degradation by Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease transmission by Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the City Council area. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases and translocation and stocking.
Specific threats identified for the endangered/vulnerable animals occurring in the City Council area are shown in Table 8. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information on known threats for individual threatened animal species in the area, and for other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals* | |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat; Yellow-bellied; Sheathtail-bat; Eastern False Pipistrelle; Koala; Spotted-tailed Quoll | habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation from native vegetation clearance, loss of hollow bearing and mature roost trees, removal of old buildings predation from cats, dogs and foxes and impacts of widespread strychnine baiting for dingoes competition with foxes and feral cats mortality as a result of raiding caged birds |
| Birds* | |
| Australasian Bittern; Diamond Firetail; Freckled Duck; Glossy Black-cockatoo; Hooded Robin (southern form); Olive Whistler; Painted Honeyeater; Regent Honeyeater; Speckled Warbler; Superb Parrot | habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation from native vegetation clearance, weed invasion, overgrazing by stock and rabbits, loss of tree hollows and key habitat trees, changing fire regimes, tree loss through altered water tables, drainage or modification of wetland habitats, reduction of water quality of wetlands fox and cat predation of animals, and egg and nest predation illegal trapping and shooting illegal bird- and egg-collection |
| Amphibians | |
| Green and Golden Bell Frog | habitat loss, fragmentation and/or degradation from infilling and destruction of wetlands, alteration of drainage patterns, stormwater runoff, use of herbicides and other weed-control measuresfungal pathogen—Chytrid Funguspredation by feral animals such as foxes and by exotic fish such as Plague Minnowroad mortality, where populations are already small due to other threats |
| Reptiles* | |
| Grassland Earless Dragon; Pink-tailed Worm-lizard; Rosenberg's Goanna | habitat loss and fragmentation from land clearance for residential, agricultural and industrial developments, removal of rocks, termite mounds and fallen timber, heavy grazing and trampling by stock and rabbits, weed invasion, slashing for hazard reduction, ploughing, tree-planting in native grasslands, changed fire regimes increased mortality from moving vehicles resulting from upgrading of dirt roads to bitumen predation by cats and dogs erection of fences within known habitat providing perching sites for predatory birds changed hydrology from activities such as irrigation and effluent disposal |
| Invertebrates | |
| Golden Sun Moth | loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat by urban, residential, infrastructure and agricultural development, changed agricultural practices, overstocking, weed invasion (particularly by exotic pasture species such as Phalaris aquatica, Paspalum dilatatum and Avena spp.) colonisation of Wallaby Grass grassland habitat by dense Kangaroo Grass isolation of remnant habitat fragments |
* Each threat listed, and each aspect of each threat, does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DEC 2005b
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the City Council area. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Queanbeyan City Council area is located within the Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) area. Each CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. No current CMA information was provided, however the Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint (Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board 2003), completed during the previous reporting period, includes a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values. Impacts of this blueprint may have carried across into the current reporting period.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans (LEPs) may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. The document Planning Framework for Natural Ecosystems of the ACT and NSW Southern Tablelands (Fallding 2002), developed during the previous reporting period, aims to provide a regional approach to conservation of biodiversity. It identifies species of conservation importance, including threatened species, and provides a methodology for integrating biodiversity issues into land use and the development of planning processes.
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 24 threatened species known to occur in Queanbeyan City Council area, two species had a formal recovery plan in place (see Tables 2 and 6), both of which were completed prior to 2001. Nine animal species were covered by two national action plans, at least one of which was completed prior to 2001.
An array of actions have been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in Queanbeyan City Council area. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change for some of threatened species with no recovery plans (DEC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the City Council area and no data was available about these plans for the current reporting period. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.
Other activities
No updated information on the City Council activities during the current reporting period. However some actions taken during the previous reporting period may have had flow on effects. For example, a key activity carried out by Queanbeyan City Council was the preparation in 2004 of the Mount Jerrabomberra Draft Plan of Management (Planning for People, Alistair Grinbergs Heritage Solutions and Scenic Landscape Architecture 2004). The City Council initiated the plan's development in response to community concern about the scale of urban development and its potential to impact upon the mountain's natural, aesthetic and landscape values. Among other things, the draft plan identifies the natural values of Mount Jerrabomberra (including native vegetation communities), existing or potential threatened flora and fauna, outlines the findings from a condition assessment, and details management issues and priority actions.
During the previous reporting period Council also undertook activities to manage the threatened Pink-tailed Worm Lizard within Fairlane Fauna and Flora Reserve, and implemented weed control measures in the City Council area.
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Murrumbidgee catchment (DIPNR 2004) may have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the Queanbeyan City Council area, and may have continued to enhance conservation efforts during the current reporting period
The City Council supports four Landcare groups—Queanbeyan, Royalla, Carwoola and Fernleigh Park.
The Molonglo Catchment Group also operates within the City Council area. This community-driven group was formed in 2003 as part of the ACT Natural Resource Management Strategy that aims to develop integrated catchment management on a sub-catchment basis and extends beyond the ACT border. Amongst other things, the City Council provided support for the group through the provision of meeting venues. The group is developing a Catchment Strategy for the Molonglo-Queanbeyan Rivers catchment. A draft of the Molonglo Catchment Strategy was slated for release during the current reporting period.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DECC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the council area.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The DECC Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Local Government Area (LGA) boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the LGA in question. It is possible that the differences in threatened fauna species between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different catchment boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond completely with LGA boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls outside the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to remain unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the council area
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Canberra.
Baker, T (2005), Deputy Chair, Molongolo Catchment Group, personal communication.
Barrer, P (1993) Bushlands, Grasslands and the Ecological Resources of the City of Queanbeyan, NSW, report to the Trees for Queanbeyan Committee, the Queanbeyan Branch of the Monaro Conservation Society, the Queanbeyan City Council and the Save the Bush Grants Scheme, Queanbeyan.
Barrer, P (1997) The Flora of South-East Yarrowlumla—a preliminary assessment, consultant's report to the Save the Bush grants scheme and the Stoney Creek Landcare Group.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
Cornish, R (undated) Local Plants in Flower—a monthly synopsis, unpublished report.
Cornish, R (2005) member of local branch, Society for Growing Australian Plants, personal communication.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008, http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2008) Species Profile and Threats Database , http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
Fallding, M (2002) Planning Framework for Natural Ecosystems of the ACT and NSW Southern Tablelands, Natural Heritage Trust, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and Land and Environment Planning.
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board (2003) Murrumbidgee Catchment Blueprint, NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/murrumbidgee_blueprint.pdf.
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2008, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.
Planning for People, Alistair Grinbergs Heritage Solutions and Scenic Landscape Architecture (2004) Mount Jerrabomberra Draft Plan of Management, Queanbeyan City Council, Queanbeyan , http://www.qcc.nsw.gov.au/page.aspx?page=2975.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
