Gundagai
Indicator: Native Species
Results for this indicator are also available for [an error occurred while processing this directive]
What the results tell us for Gundagai Shire
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Gundagai Shire is not known. About 196 plant species (native and introduced) and 264 animal species have been recorded there but these records are not comprehensive.
Two plant and 23 vertebrate animal species that occur in the Shire are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered in New South Wales (NSW) and/or nationally, with an additional 34 threatened plant and animal species are predicted to occur in the Shire.
Native plants and animals in the Shire are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Formal recovery plans were in place for four of the 25 listed threatened species and sixteen listed animal species were covered by national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many threatened species, no data were available on the extent to which activities were carried out in the Shire or on their effectiveness in conserving the species.
What native species occur in the Shire?
No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Gundagai Shire. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the Shire will provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.
Plants (flora)
About 196 species, most of them native, have been recorded in the Shire. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the reporting period.
Two plant species recorded in the Shire are listed as Vulnerable (see Table 1); both were listed prior to the current reporting period. No updated data was provided on predicted species, but based on data gathered for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 12 vulnerable or endangered species may also occur in the Shire (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Yass Daisy | Ammobium craspedioides | V | V | No | None |
| Sand-hill Spider Orchid | Caladenia arenaria | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2005; NSW Recovery Plan |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species –status).
Source: DEC 2005; DEH NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Austral Pillwort | Pilularia novae-hollandiae |
| Austral Toadflax | Thesium australe |
| Cotoneaster Pomaderris | Pomaderris cotoneaster |
| Crimson Spider Orchid | Caladenia concolor |
| Leafy Anchor Plant | Discaria nitida |
| Mueller's Eyebright | Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri |
| Pine Donkey Orchid | Diuris tricolor |
| Rough Eyebright | Euphrasia scabra |
| Tarengo Leek Orchid | Prasophyllum petilum |
| Tumut Grevillea | Grevillea wilkinsonii |
| Wee Jasper Grevillea | Grevillea iaspicula |
| Woolly Ragwort | Senecio garlandii |
Source: DEC 2005
Animals (fauna)
Two hundred and sixty four vertebrate animal species are reported to occur in the Shire, about two-thirds of them birds (see Table 3). This is an increase of approximately 57 species since the last reporting period, primarily as a result of including non native species in the source data. The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species during the reporting period.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 45 | 31 |
| Amphibians | 12 | 12 |
| Birds | 166 | 137 |
| Reptiles | 28 | 25 |
| Fish | 13 | 2 |
| Total | 264 | 207 |
Source: NSW Government 2005
Twenty-three animal species that have been recorded in the Shire are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered (see Table 4). They include 7 mammals, 12 birds, one frog, one reptile and two fish.
| Common name |
Scientific name |
Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis | – | V | No | No |
| Eastern False Pipistrelle | Falsistrellus tasmaniensis | – | V | No | No |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus | – | V | No | Action Plan (1999)3 |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus | E | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Squirrel Glider | Petaurus norfolcensis | – | V | No | Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Yellow-bellied Glider | Petaurus australis | – | V | No | Recovery Plan (gazetted 07/03/03); Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccolaimus flaviventris | – | V | No | No |
| Birds | |||||
| Barking Owl (southern form) | Ninox connivens connivens | – | V | No | Recovery Plan exhibited (10/03/03); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form) | Melithreptus gularis gularis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003 adopted; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Pyrrholaemus sagittata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 2001–2005; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Turquoise Parrot | Neophema pulchella | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Amphibians | |||||
| Booroolong Frog | Litoria booroolongensis | – | E | No | Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Reptiles | |||||
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | Aprasia parapulchella | V | V | No | Recovery Plan in preparation (Draft Plan in 2002); national Recovery Plan in preparation |
| Fish | |||||
| Silver Perch | Bidyanus bidyanus | – | V | No | Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013 (2003)4 |
| Trout Cod | Maccullochella macquariensis | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1998–2005 |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable
† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species—status)
Sources: 1 = Garnett and Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; 3 = Duncan et al. 1999; 4 = MDBMC 2003; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
No updated data on predicted species occurrence was provided for this reporting period, however based on records generated for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 22 vulnerable or endangered animal species, including one invertebrate, may occur in the Shire (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of either this or the previous reporting periods.
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Brush-tailed Phascogale | Phascogale tapoatafa |
| Broad-toothed Rat | Mastacomys fuscus |
| Brolga | Grus rubicundus |
| Bush Stone-curlew | Burins grallarius |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa |
| Gilbert's Whistler | Pachycephala inornata |
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana |
| Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern form) | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis |
| Hooded Robin (south-eastern form) | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus |
| Little Pied Bat | Chalinolobus picatus |
| Northern Corroboree Frog | Pseudophryne pengilleyi |
| Olive Whistler | Pachycephala olivacea |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi |
| Smoky Mouse | Pseudomys fumeus |
| Southern Bell Frog | Litoria reniformis |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura |
| Striped legless Lizard | Delma impar |
Source: DEC 2005b
In the broader South Western Slopes bioregion within which Gundagai Shire is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the Shire is listed in Table 6.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Black-shouldered Kite | Elanus axillaris | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Chestnut Teal | Anas castanea | + | |
| Collared Sparrowhawk | Accipiter cirrocephalus | + | |
| Common Bronzewing | Phaps chalcoptera | + | |
| Crested Shrike-tit | Falcunculus frontatus | + | |
| Crimson Rosella | Platycercus elegans | + | |
| Darter | Anhinga melanogaster | + | |
| Dusky Moorhen | Gallinula tenebrosa | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Golden Whistler | Pachycephala pectoralis | + | |
| Grey Shrike-thrush | Colluricincla harmonica | + | |
| Jacky Winter | Microeca fascinans | + | |
| Little Eagle | Hieraaetus morphnoides | + | |
| Masked Lapwing | Vanellus miles | + | |
| Mistletoebird | Dicaeum hirundinaceum | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Pied Butcherbird | Cracticus nigrogularis | + | |
| Pied Currawong | Strepera graculina | + | |
| Purple Swamphen | Porphyrio porphyrio | + | |
| Rainbow Bee-eater | Merops ornatus | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Restless Flycatcher | Myiagra inquieta | + | |
| Sacred Kingfisher | Todiramphus sanctus | + | |
| Silvereye | Zosterops lateralis | + | |
| Spotted Pardalote | Pardalotus punctatus | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Sulphur-crested Cockatoo | Cacatua galerita | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Weebill | Smicrornis brevirostris | + | |
| Western Gerygone | Gerygone fusca | + | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae | + | |
| White-naped Honeyeater | Melithreptus lunatus | + | |
| White-plumed Honeyeater | Lichenostomus penicillatus | + | |
| Yellow-billed Spoonbill | Platalea flavipes | + | |
| Yellow Thornbill | Acanthiza nana | + | |
| Zebra Finch | Taeniopygia guttata | + |
* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788
Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and/or abundance of native plant and animal species within the Shire; with changes in landcover and landuse being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the Shire would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period, actual drought impacts on species are generally not known and/or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals) or migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Gundagai Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to the Vulnerable Yass Daisy and Silky Swainson-pea are agricultural developments and intensification of grazing regimes, weed invasion and road works (particularly widening or re-routing) (DEC 2005b). The Yass Daisy is also threatened by inappropriate mowing or slashing in the cemetery sites where it occurs, while residential development also threatens the Silky Swainson-pea.
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Gundagai Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus)
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the Shire. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.
Threats identified for most endangered/vulnerable animals occurring in Gundagai Shire are shown in Table 7. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information about known threats for individual species that occur in the Shire, and other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals* | |
| Eastern False Pipistrelle, Spotted-tailed Quoll, Squirrel Glider, Yellow-bellied Glider, Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | habitat loss, fragmentation and/or degradation through native vegetation clearance, disturbance to roosting and breeding sites, loss of trees for foraging and hollow-bearing trees (including old growth trees) for roosting, application of pesticides and herbicides in or adjacent to foraging areas reduction in stream water quality affecting food resources competition with foxes and feral cats predation by foxes and dogs impacts of widespread strychnine baiting for dingoes non-target mortality from trapping and poisoning mortality as a result of raiding caged birds |
| Birds* | |
| Barking Owl (southern form), Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form), Blue-billed Duck, Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies), Diamond Firetail, Regent Honeyeater, Speckled Warbler, Superb Parrot, Swift Parrot, Turquoise Parrot | habitat loss, fragmentation and/ordegradation through native vegetation clearance, overgrazing by stock and rabbits, tree loss through altered water tables drainage or degradation of deep permanent wetlands mortality during duck hunting season fox and cat predation competition for nest sites road mortality |
| Amphibians | |
| Booroolong Frog | habitat loss, fragmentation and/or degradation through modification of steam channels, loss of cobble banks, loss of native streamside vegetation, stock damage to stream margins, weed invasion of streamside habitats (particularly by willows) changes to water quality through sedimentation and use of herbicides or pesticides near streams predation of eggs and tadpoles by introduced fish disease—chytrid fungus |
| Reptiles | |
| Pink-tailed Worm-lizard | habitat loss, fragmentation and/or degradation through heavy grazing and trampling by stock and rabbits, invasion by weeds or escaped pasture species, sladhing for hazard reduction, ploughing, rock removal, tree-planting in native grasslands changed fire regimes that result in changes to vegetation structure and composition |
| Fish* | |
| Trout Cod, Silver Perch | modification of natural river flows and temperatures as a result of river regulation habitat degradation through loss of riparian vegetation, removal of snags, changes in water quality associated with agriculture and other land uses, and siltation caused by clearing illegal fishing competition from or interactions with introduced fish species such as trout, redfin perch, gambusia and carp stocking of inappropriate genetic strains, poor quality silver perch or silver perch hybrids diseases such as EHN (epizootic haematopoietic necrosis) which is carried by redfin perch |
* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species
Source: DEC 2005b; DPI 2005.
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and Policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the Shire. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Gundagai Shire is located entirely within the Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) area. The CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. No updated CMA data was provided, however the Murrumbidgee Blueprint (Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Board 2003), which was completed during the previous reporting period, includes a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. Gundagai Shire Council refers development applications to relevant state agencies on an as-required basis.
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 25 threatened species known to occur in Gundagai Shire, only four have formal recovery plans in place (see Tables 2 and 6). During the previous reporting period, recovery plans were being prepared for another four species, and exhibited for one other species. Sixteen animal species were covered by three action plans, at least two of which were completed prior to 2001.
An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in Gundagai Shire. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation for the Yass Daisy and 16 threatened animal species with no recovery plans, these actions did not necessarily occur within the Shire (DEC 2004), and no information detailing whether these plans continued into the current reporting period was provided. Therefore the extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.
Other activities
No Specific information on Shire Council agreements for the current reporting period have been provided, but a number of activities undertaken by Shire Council and other government bodies may have impacted into the current reporting period.
During the previous reporting period, Gundagai Shire Council puts in place agreements for the protection of native vegetation in the Shire Council as and when identified. During that time the Shire entered into an agreement to re-fence a district cemetery to ensure the protection of its remnant threatened Grassy White Box Woodland and associated native plant species. Shire Council also formed a local Landcare group to look after flora and fauna at a local level in creeks and streams.
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Murrumbidgee catchment (DIPNR 2004) may have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the Shire. The Shire 's native biodiversity may continue to benefit from the Riverina Highlands Regional Vegetation Management Strategy and Plan developed during the previous reporting period under the Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997 (Regional Vegetation Management Committee 2003). The Shire is affected by this vegetation region. The strategy provides for the retention, protection/management and enhancement of native vegetation through both advisory and regularly elements.
The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced implemention of a Biodiversity Conservation Stratergy in the NSW Sheep/Wheat Belt project during the previous reporting period. The project includes gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Gundagai Shire is a part. Surveys commenced at the start of the current reporting period included sites located in the Shire. The surveys are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities. Furthermore, Gundagai Shire supports five Landcare Groups.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DEC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the Shire.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The DECC Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Local Government Area Boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the LGA in question. It is possible that some of the differences in threatened fauna species between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different geographic boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond entirely with LGA boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to remain unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the Shire
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Conservation, Canberra.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DEC—see Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)
DEH—see Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth)
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008, http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005c) South West Slopes Conservation Management Network Database, Department of Environment and Conservation, Queanbeyan.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2005) Species Profile and Threats Database, viewed http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Lachlan Catchment Management Board (2003) Lachlan Catchment Blueprint, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/lachlan_blueprint.pdf.
Landcare Australia, 2004, New South Wales Landcare Project Tackling Salinity (The Saltshaker Project) Wins Prestigious National Landcare Award. Media Release, http://esvc000182.wic017u.server-web.com/award_details.asp?award_id=19&year=2004
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2008, http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
