Young
Indicator: Native Species
Results for this indicator are also available for [an error occurred while processing this directive]
What the results tell us for Young
The full extent of native animal and plant species diversity in Young Shire is not known. About 231 plant species (native and introduced) and 185 animal species have been recorded there, but these records are not comprehensive. Increases in reported animal species diversity compared with the last reporting period reflect factors such as improved use of data sources and survey effort since 2004.
One plant and sixteen vertebrate animal species that occur in the Shire are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered, with an additional 52 threatened plant and animal species predicted to occur in the Shire.
Native plants and animals in the Shire are subject to national, state and local laws relating to biodiversity protection. Formal recovery plans are in place for two of the 17 listed threatened species and fourteen animal species were covered by three national action plans. Although various recovery actions had been initiated for many of the threatened species, the extent to which activities were carried out in the shire and had been effective in conserving the species was not known.
What native species occur in the shire?
No comprehensive lists of plant or animal species were available for Young Shire. As past extensive clearing has resulted in significant loss of natural habitat for native plants and animals, species occurring in vegetation remnants within or near the shire provide some indication of the area's former native species diversity. Important areas containing remnant vegetation include national parks, nature reserves, travelling stock reserves, road reserves and cemeteries.
Plants (flora)
About 231 plant species, most of them native, have been recorded in the Shire. This figure is in keeping with that of the previous reporting period. No information was available on the abundance of native plant species during the current period.
One plant recorded in the Shire is listed as Vulnerable (see Table 1); it was listed prior to the current reporting period. No updated data on predicted species occurrences was provided, but based on records gathered for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional five vulnerable or endangered species may also occur in the shire (see Table 2), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the reporting period.
| Common name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Recovery Plan or Action Plan | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| McBarron's Goodenia | Goodenia macbarronii | V | V | No | None |
# Status (threat category): E=endangered; V= Vulnerable CE = Critically Endangered
† National Status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW Status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; *Change in status singe the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species – national status).
Source: DEC 2005; DEH 2005; NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Philotheca ericifolia | |
| A spear grass | Austrostipa metatoris |
| A spear grass | Austrostipa wakoolica |
| Austral Pillwort | Pilularia novae-hollandiae |
| Crimson Spider Orchid | Caladenia concolor |
| Fleshy Minuria | Kippistia suaedifolia |
| Pine Donkey Orchid | Diuris tricolor |
| Silky Swainson-pea | Swainsona sericea |
| Slender Darling Pea | Swainsona murrayana |
| Spike Rush | Eleocharis obicis |
| Spiny Peppercress | Lepidium aschersonii |
| Tarengo Leek Orchid | Prasophyllum petilum |
| Winged Peppercress | Lepidium monoplocoides |
| Woolly Ragwort | Senecio garlandii |
| Yass Daisy | Ammobium craspedioides |
Source: DEC 2005
Animals (fauna)
One hundred and eighty five vertebrate animal species have been recorded in the shire, about 72% of them birds (see Table 3). This is 14 species more than reported in the previous reporting period; the increase probably reflects inclusion of introduced species within the data sources and possible increased survey effort since 2004. The number of invertebrate animals (insects etc) is not known. No specific information was available on the abundance of animal species.
| Animal group (Order) | Number of Species | Number of Species |
|---|---|---|
| State of the Environment 2008 | State of the Environment 2004 | |
| Mammals | 31 | 18 |
| Birds | 119 | 123 |
| Amphibians | 10 | 10 |
| Reptiles | 21 | 19 |
| Fish | 4 | 1 |
| Total | 185 | 171 |
Source: NSW Government 2005
Sixteen animal species recorded in Young Shire are listed as vulnerable or endangered (see Table 4). They include two mammals, 13 birds and one fish. No updated information on predicted species was provided, however based on records gathered for the previous reporting period, scientific experts predict that an additional 37 vulnerable or endangered animal species may occur in the shire (see Table 5), although there were no confirmed records of them at the end of the current or previous reporting period. One Critically Endangered species—the Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana)—is also predicted to occur in the area.
| Commonname | Scientificname | Conservation status# | Recovery Plan or Action Plan (Date if known) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National† | NSW‡ | Change* | |||
| Mammals | |||||
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus | – | V | No | Action Plan (1999)3 |
| Squirrel Glider | Petaurus norfolcensis | – | V | No | Action Plan (1996)2 |
| Birds | |||||
| Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern form) | Melithreptus gularis gularis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000) 1 |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) | Climacteris picumnus victoriae | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Diamond Firetail | Stagonopleura guttata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Freckled Duck | Stictonetta naevosa | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Gilbert's Whistler | Pachycephala inornata | – | V | No | None |
| Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Hooded Robin (south-eastern form) | Melanodryas cucullata cucullata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Painted Honeyeater | Grantiella picta | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Regent Honeyeater | Xanthomyza phrygia | E | E | No | National Recovery Plan 1999–2003; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Speckled Warbler | Chthonicola sagittata | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | V | V | No | National Recovery Plan in preparation (as at 28/02/04); Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Swift Parrot | Lathamus discolor | E | E | No | National Recovery 2001–2005; Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Turquoise Parrot | Neophema pulchella | – | V | No | Action Plan (2000)1 |
| Fish | |||||
| Silver Perch | Bidyanus bidyanus | – | V | No | Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013 (2003)4 |
# Status (threat category): E = Endangered; V = Vulnerable† National status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; ‡ NSW status under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; * Change in status since the end of the last reporting period (see also Threatened species—status).References: 1 = Garnett & Crowley 2000; 2 = Maxwell et al. 1996; 3 = Duncan et al. 1999; 4 = MDBMC 2003; Other sources: Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; DEC 2005b; DEH 2005; DPI 2005; Graham 2005; NSW Government 2005
| Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|
| Australasian Bittern | Botaurus poiciloptilus |
| Australian Bustard | Ardeotis australis |
| Barking Owl | Ninox connivens |
| Black-breasted Buzzard | Hamirostra melanosternon |
| Black-chinned Honeyeater | Melithreptus gularis gularis |
| Black-tailed Godwit | Limosa limosa |
| Blue-billed Duck | Oxyura australis |
| Booroolong Frog | Litoria booroolongensis |
| Brolga | Grus rubicundus |
| Brush-tailed Phascogale | Phascogale tapoatafa |
| Bush Stone-curlew | Burhinus grallarius |
| Chestnut Quail-thrush | Cinclosoma castanotus |
| Eastern Bentwing-bat | Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis |
| Eastern Long-eared Bat (southeastern form) | Nyctophilus timoriensis |
| Eastern Pygmy-possum | Cercartetus nanus |
| Glossy Black Cockatoo | Calyptorhynchus lathami |
| Golden Sun Moth | Synemon plana |
| Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subsp.) | Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis |
| Grey Falcon | Falco hypoleucos |
| Inland Forest Bat | Vespadelus baverstocki |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus |
| Large-footed Myotis | Myotis adversus |
| Little Pied Bat | Chalinolobus picatus |
| Malleefowl | Leipoa ocellata |
| Magpie Goose | Anseranas semipalmata |
| Major Mitchell's Cockatoo | Cacatua leadbeateri |
| Osprey | Pandion haliaetus |
| Painted Snipe | Rostratula benghalensis |
| Pied Honeyeater | Certhionyx variegatus |
| Pine Donkey Orchid | Diuris tricolor |
| Powerful Owl | Ninox strenua |
| Rosenberg's Goanna | Varanus rosenbergi |
| Shy Heathwren | Calamanthus cautus |
| Southern Scrub-robin | Drymodes brunneopygia |
| Spotted-tailed Quoll | Dasyurus maculatus |
| Square-tailed Kite | Lophoictinia isura |
| Superb Parrot | Polytelis swainsonii |
| Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat | Saccoclaimus flaviventris |
Source: DEC 2005b
In the broader South Western Slopes bioregion within which Young Shire is located, some bird species that are not listed as threatened are reported to have decreased in abundance over the last 20 years, although others are reported to have increased (Barrett et al. 2003). A selection of these species that occur in the Shire is listed in Table 6.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Declining | Increasing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Raven | Corvus coronoides | + | |
| Barn Owl | Tyto alba | + | |
| Black-shouldered Kite | Elanus axillaris | + | |
| Black Swan | Cygnus atratus | + | |
| Brown Falcon | Falco berigora | + | |
| Crested Shrike-tit | Falcunculus frontatus | + | |
| Crimson Rosella | Platycercus elegans | + | |
| Dusky Moorhen | Gallinula tenebrosa | + | |
| Eastern Yellow Robin | Eopsaltria australis | + | |
| Grey Fantail | Rhipidura albiscapa | + | |
| Grey Shrike-thrush | Colluricincla harmonica | + | |
| Little Eagle | Hieraaetus morphnoides | + | |
| Masked Lapwing | Vanellus miles | + | |
| Nankeen Kestrel | Falco cenchroides | + | |
| Noisy Friarbird | Philemon corniculatus | + | |
| Pallid Cuckoo | Cuculus pallidus | + | |
| Pied Butcherbird | Cracticus nigrogularis | + | |
| Pied Currawong | Strepera graculina | + | |
| Rainbow Bee-eater | Merops ornatus | + | |
| Red Wattlebird | Anthochaera carunculata | + | |
| Restless Flycatcher | Myiagra inquieta | + | |
| Sacred Kingfisher | Todiramphus sanctus | + | |
| Striated Pardalote | Pardalotus striatus | + | |
| Sulphur-crested Cockatoo | Cacatua galerita | + | |
| Superb Fairy-wren | Malurus cyaneus | + | |
| Varied Sittella | Daphoenositta chrysoptera | + | |
| White-browed Woodswallow | Artamus superciliosus | + | |
| White-faced Heron | Egretta novaehollandiae | + | |
| White-throated Treecreeper | Cormobates leucophaeus | + | |
| Yellow Thornbill | Acanthiza nana | + |
* For a complete list of declining and increasing species in the bioregion, see Barrett et al. 2003 pages 757–788; Source: Barrett et al. 2003; Birds Australia 2005; CSIRO 2005; NSW Government 2005
Threats and impacts on native species
Habitat disturbance and fragmentation are major threats to the distribution and abundance of native plant and animal species within the Dhire; with changes in landcover and landuse being significant factors. There is little documented information however on the specific impacts of habitat disturbance, fragmentation or other threatening factors on species.
Although native plants and animals in the Shire would have been subject to prolonged drought conditions during the current reporting period), actual drought impacts on species are generally not known or poorly understood. Such a natural event may however affect the abundance of species by causing localised deaths (plants and animals)and migration out of the area (animals).
Threatening processes affecting plants
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to plant species in Young Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and;
- invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.
The main known threats to the Vulnerable McBarron's Goodenia are habitat degradation through stock grazing, pig rooting, pugging and trampling, roadside disturbance, desiccation and competition from weeds (DEC 2005b).
Threatening processes affecting animals
Several key processes listed as threatening in Schedule 3 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 are relevant to animal species in Young Shire. They include:
- alteration to the natural flow regimes of rivers and streams and their floodplains and wetlands
- bushrock removal
- clearing of native vegetation
- competition and grazing by the feral European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
- competition from feral honeybees (Apis mellifera)
- infection of frogs by amphibian chytrid causing the disease chytridiomycosis
- predation by Plague Minnow or Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki)
- predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
- predation by the Feral Cat (Felis catus) and;
- removal of dead wood and dead trees.
Eight key threats identified for native fish within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBMC 2003) may also be relevant to fish species within the Shire. These threats are low regulation, habitat degradation, lowered water quality, barriers, alien species, exploitation, diseases, and translocation and stocking.
Specific threats identified for many of the endangered and vulnerable animals occurring in the Shire are shown in Table 7. The threats include a range of factors that affect species habitat, food sources or population viability. Habitat clearance and fragmentation threaten many of the species. For information on known threats for individual threatened animal species in the area, and for other threatened species predicted to occur there, see http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
| Species | Threats |
|---|---|
| Mammals | |
| Squirrel Glider | habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation, e.g. through native vegetation clearance |
| Birds* | |
| Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies); Hooded Robin (southern form); Painted Honeyeater; Regent Honeyeater; Swift Parrot; Turquoise Parrot | habitat loss, fragmentation or degradation through native vegetation clearance, overgrazing by stock and rabbits, tree loss through altered water tables fox and cat predation competition with Starlings for nest sites road mortality |
| Fish | |
| Silver Perch | habitat loss or degradation through loss of riparian vegetation, modification of natural river flows and temperatures as a result of river regulation, removal of snags, changes in water quality associated with agriculture and other land uses, siltation caused by clearing illegal fishing (and possibly hooking injuries in accidentally caught fish) competition from or interactions with introduced fish species such as trout, redfin perch, gambusia and carp stocking of inappropriate genetic strains, poor quality silver perch or silver perch hybrids diseases such as EHN (epizootic haematopoietic necrosis), which is carried by redfin perch |
* Each threat listed does not necessarily apply to every species; Source: DEC 2005b; DPI 2005
What is being done to conserve native species?
Laws and policy
National and state laws provide a framework for the protection of native plant and animal species within the shire. Two state laws were enacted during the previous reporting period: the Native Vegetation Act 2003 and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. These two laws and the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 provide a landscape scale framework for biodiversity management. The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, other state laws including the Fisheries Management Act 1994 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the national Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 provide the framework for the recognition and protection of threatened plant and animal species, and usually require the species to be taken into account during proposed developments.
Young Shire is located within the Lachlan Catchment Management Authority (CMA) area. The CMA is required to work in partnership with Local Government as well as other stakeholders. No updated information on CMA actions was provided, but The Lachlan Catchment Blueprint (Lachlan Catchment Management Board 2003), completed during the previous reporting period, includes a range of management actions to restore, maintain or conserve biodiversity values.
Local government regulations, legislation or planning documents such as local environment plans may also provide some protection for native species, or limit or prohibit certain activities that may lead to the further decline of protected species. Any major Development Application involving land or vegetation disturbance is considered under the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 or an Environmental Impact Statement required, if necessary, under the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000.
Threatened species recovery planning
Of the 17 threatened species known to occur in Young Shire, formal recovery plans are in place for only two species (see Table 4); one was completed during the previous reporting period. Fourteen animal species were covered by three national action plans, at least two of which were completed prior to the previous reporting period.
An array of actions has been detailed by various conservation management agencies for many of the threatened species occurring in the shire. Although recovery actions had been initiated during the previous reporting period by researchers and the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) for some of the threatened species with no recovery plans (DEC 2004), these actions did not necessarily occur within the Shire and no updated information was available to ascertain whether these actions impacted into the current reporting period. The extent to which recovery actions are proving effective in conserving targeted threatened species is not clear.
Other activities
No updated information was provided on council activities during the current reporting period. However, Young Council carried out proactive and active measures during the previous reporting period to help protect biodiversity in the shire, and supported the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources process of regulating paddock clearing and clearing of dead hollow trees. Landcare groups and the supportive work of Council's Environmental Initiatives Committee saw the commencement of many projects for stream and revegetation work.
A range of nationally funded activities undertaken during the previous reporting period in the Lachlan catchment (DIPNR 2004) may also have enhanced the conservation of plant and animal species in the shire and may have impacted on the current reporting period.
The Grassy Box Woodland Conservation Management Network initiated and commenced implemented of a Biodiversity Conservation in the NSW Sheep/Wheat Belt project during the previous reporting period. The project includes gathering information to assist in assessing the status and extent of endangered ecological communities and threatened bird species across the NSW sheep/wheat belt, of which Young Shire is a part. Surveys commenced at the beginning of the current reporting period included sites located in the shire. The surveys are expected to be continued for several years, with each year's survey results being provided to local and regional planning authorities.
Also, Young Shire supports eight Landcare groups.
About the data
Data for species lists were obtained from the sources listed below.
- BioNet (NSW Government 2005)—this database includes records from the Australian Museum, DECC and Department of Primary Industries (DPI). The DECC data includes data from the former NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas of NSW Wildlife database (DEC 2005a) and the Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium Collection database (Royal Botanic Gardens 2005). The DPI data includes data from the former NSW State Forests and the former NSW Fisheries.
- Atlas of NSW Wildlife (DEC 2005a)—species records are submitted to the Atlas as incidental sightings or systematic surveys, or imported from existing databases. Location details are validated on data entry, based on the grid references supplied. An accuracy index of location is applied and all records are automatically assigned a reliability category, based on the observers' experience. Unusual sightings that fail validations are queried and further validation may occur.
- Australian National Wildlife Collection Database (CSIRO 2005).
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium database—contains flora records from the Australian National Herbarium and other major herbaria in Australia (ANH 2005).
- NSW State Forests data—flora and fauna records held by NSW State Forests South Coast, Eden and Riverina Regions.
- Atlas of Australian Birds database (Birds Australia 2005)—records of threatened and migratory birds only. Detail about the database, accuracy of its records and other relevant information is outlined in Barrett et al. (2003).
- Plant species reported in the State of the Environment 2000 report for Young Shire (see OCE 2000) were extracted from research records of Prober and Thiele (1993) from Monteagle Cemetery. As many of these species were not listed in the data sources listed above, the species have been included in the 2004 plant data.
Selection of species records
Species records were selected from between July 1955 to October 2008. This date range was used to eliminate species which had not been recorded in the last 50 years, and to eliminate historic records with poor locational or taxonomic detail.
Due to extensive data and time constraints, some exotic plant species may be included in the list of native plant species and hence also included in the plant species total for the council area.
Some species, especially plants, may appear more than once in the species lists of native plants and animals where slight variations in spelling or formatting of scientific names have occurred between or within the datasets used to compile these lists.
The total number of plant and animal species referred to in this report equals the total number of taxa listed in the lists of native plant and animal species (i.e. the total 'species' count includes varieties, subspecies, forms and hybrids).
Differences between reporting periods
The DECC Wildlife Atlas is the only source used to generate species lists for vulnerable and threatened flora species during this reporting period. This tool allows for geographic searching by Local Government Area (LGA) boundaries, hence revealing a more spatially accurate data set for the LGA in question. It is possible that the differences in threatened fauna species between 2008 and the 2004 report are due to a different catchment boundary being utilised for the previous reporting period (i.e. CMA regions), which do not correspond entirely with LGA boundaries.
Threatened species—status
Plant and animal species listed under the Commonwealth Government's Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 were automatically transferred to the new Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and were formally listed under the EPBC Act on 16 July 2000. Although this listing date falls within the current reporting period, the status of such species was considered to remain unchanged from the previous reporting period. Data on the status of plant and animal species listed under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) was not provided for this reporting period and was considered to remain unchanged.
Threatened species predicted to occur in the shire
No data was provided for predicted threatened species in the current reporting period. Data given here is based on that provided for the previous reporting period. This data was sourced from the DECC, Threatened Species Unit, Southern Directorate as an extract from its Property Vegetation Planning Database.
References
ANH—see Australian National Herbarium
Australian National Herbarium (2005) Australia's Virtual Herbarium database, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Canberra.
Barrett, G, Silcocks, A, Barry, S, Cunningham, R and Poulter, R (2003) The New Atlas of Australian Birds, Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, Melbourne.
Birds Australia (2005) Atlas of Australian Birds database, Birds Australia, Melbourne.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (2005) Australian National Wildlife Collection Database, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra.
CSIRO—see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
DEC—see Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW)
DEH—see Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth)
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2004) Recovery Planning Database, Threatened Species Unit, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005a) Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Hurstville.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005b) Threatened Species, Populations and Ecological Communities of NSW Catchments, viewed October 2008 http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx.
Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) (2005c) South West Slopes Conservation Management Network Database, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Queanbeyan.
Department of Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth) (2008) Species Profile and Threats Database, http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl.
Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (NSW) (2004) 2003/04 Combined NSW Catchment Management Authorities Annual Report, Volume 1: CMA Activities and Achievements, Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources, Sydney.
Department of Primary Industries (NSW) (2005) Fisheries Scientific Committee Final Recommendations, http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/threatened_species/fsc/recomend.
DIPNR—see Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (NSW)
DPI—see Department of Primary Industries (NSW)
Duncan, A, Baker, GB and Montgomery, N (eds) (1999) The Action Plan for Australian Bats, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Garnett, ST and Crowley, GM (2000) The Action Plan for Australian Birds, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Graham, C (2005) Charles Sturt University, personal communication.
Lachlan Catchment Management Board (2003) Lachlan Catchment Blueprint, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Sydney, online at http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/cmb/blueprints/pdf/lachlan_blueprint.pdf.
Maxwell, S, Burbidge, AA and Morris, K (eds) (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes, Environment Australia, Canberra.
MDBMC—see Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council
Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (2003) Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin 2003–2013, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
NSW Government (2005) BioNet System, NSW Government, viewed October 2008 http://www.bionet.nsw.gov.au/BioNet.cfm?is_ie5up.
OCE—see Office of the Commissioner for the Environment
Office of the Commissioner for the Environment (2000) Australian Capital Region State of the Environment Report 2000, Office of the Commissioner for the Environment, Canberra.
Prober, S and Thiele, K (1993) Surviving in Cemeteries – the Grassy White Box Woodlands, National Parks Journal 37 (1):13–15.
Royal Botanic Gardens (2005) Herbarium Collection Database, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
